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Bibliography>Published items

Abdulali, H.1969. A catalog of birds in the collection of the Bombay Natural History Society-5. – J. Bombay Natl. Hist. Soc., 66 (3): 542-559.

Ahmad, Ashiq, and Najam Khurshid. 1991. Observations of migration and migratory routes of cranes through Baluchistan. – Natura. No 8, 9, and 11.

The numbers of Grus grus and Anthropoides virgo migrating through Pakistan has dropped alarmingly in recent years. Siberian Cranes are rarely sighted. An education program for local population to control live trapping and hunting of cranes is urged. Enforcement of existing laws necessary.

Ahmad, Ashiq, and S. Iqmail Hussain Shah. 1991. The future of cranes in Pakistan with special reference to the Northwest Frontier Province. - Proceedings of 1987 International Crane Workshop. Ed. James T. Harris. Baraboo, Wis.: International Crane Foundation. P. 335-339.

Wetlands of Pakistan fall on the migration route of three species of cranes: Eurasian Crane Grus grus, Demoiselle Crane Anthropoides virgo, and Siberian Crane Grus leucogeranus. Cranes use the northern frontiers of the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) and possibly those of Baluchistan to enter Pakistan and reach their ultimate winter resorts in Pakistan or India. The overall population of cranes that pass through Pakistan or winter here is not yet known, but hundreds of birds are trapped each year by a traditional but unique method in NWFP. Previously, there were no regulations or controls over crane hunting; but for the last few years, measures have been developed and adopted by different provinces, especially NWFP, to safeguard against large-scale and unrestricted hunting of these birds. These measures, along with suggestions for future conservation of cranes in Pakistan, are discussed in this paper.

Ali, Salim 1979. The Keoladeo Ghana Waterbird Sanctuary. Hornbill. Oct.-Dec. 1979: 27-29.

Ali, Salim, and S.Dillon Ripley. 1969. Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 2. Megapodes to Crab Plover. Bombay: Oxford University Press. P. 144-146.

---. 1987. Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Bombay: Oxford University Press. Vol. 2. P. 130-131.

---. 1987. Compact Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan - Together with those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka . Second ed. YMCA Library, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi, India : Oxford University Press. P. 1-737 + 104 color plates.

Of the 8600 known species in the world, arranged under 28 orders, 1200 species in 20 orders and numerous families are known to occur in the Indian subcontinent. This handbook describes the 1200 species.

Anderson, A. 1871. Ornithological notes from Fittehgurh, N.W.P. India. - Zoologist. Vol. 2 (7): 3329-3332.

Anderson, Elizabeth C. 1977. From Russia with love. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 3 (4): 3.

---. 1978. Four Case Studies in US-USSR Wildlife Conservation Cooperation. - M.S. Thesis. Cornell University.

Analysis and evaluation of official Soviet-American cooperation in wildlife conservation. Four projects: 1) methods for conservation and study of Siberian cranes: cooperation involved collection of eggs by Soviet scientists and transfer of the eggs to ICF headquarters; 2) study of northern migratory waterfowl; 3) raptors and their role in the ecosystem; 4) research on the black-footed ferret. The results obtained are outlined and conclusions are drawn.

Andreev, B. N. 1953. Birds of the Middle Vilyui River. Yakutsk: Yakutsk Book Publishers. P. 1-126. (In Russian)

---. 1974. Birds of the Vilyuysk Basin. - Yakutsk: Yakutsk Book Publishers. P. 1-311. (In Russian)

Andronov, V. A. 2002. Siberian Crane. Eastern Flyway. Russia. Jewish Autonomous Region. - CWGE Newsletter. Vol. 3. Moscow. P. 31. (In Russian and English)

Andrusenko, N. N. 1987. New registration of Siberian Crane in Kurgaldgin Reserve. - Reports of Baltic Commission of Investigation of Migration Birds. Tartu. P. 116. (In Russian)

Anonymous. 1968. Ghana Bird Sanctuary, Bharatpur. Newsletter for Birdwatchers, Vol. 8 (8): 5-7.

---. 1975. ICF directors conduct research in Korea and India. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 1 (3): 1.

---. 1975. The Siberian Crane ICF’s target species for 1975-76. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 2 (1): 1, 3.

---. 1976. Siberian Crane season. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 3 (1):1.

---. 1977. The immigration of Vladimir & Kyto. (A historic cooperative venture between superpowers brings two Siberian Cranes to ICF). - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 3 (4): 1-2.

---. 1978. Circles of death – Fereydunkenar. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 4 (2): 3.

---. 1980. WWF supports Siberian Crane at ICF. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 6 (2): 4.

---. 1981. Siberian Cranes discovered in Iran and China. Newsletter for Birdwatchers, Vol. 21 (9-10): 17.

---. 1982. A Russian reunion. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 8 (2): 3.

---. 1982. Indian sunshine. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 8 (2): 3.

---. 1984. Winter crane counts. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 10 (2): 2.

---. 1984. Cranes' winter home discovered. China Pictorial. 1984: 22-24.

---. 1985. At the nest. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 11 (1): 8.

---. 1985. Life of a nomad. Rainbow. P. 10-11.

---. 1986. Poyang Lake Migratory Birds Reserve. On Wintering Ecology of Birds at Poyang Lake. (In Chinese)

---. 1989. Siberian Cranes on the brink in India. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. Vol. 29 (7-8): 2.

---. 1990. Siberian cranes close to extinction. - Natura. 1990: 10.

---. 1991. Cranes in Spring 1991 [article]. The China Flyway. 1992 Mar; 2.11p. 1-2.
The Swengels visited Beidaihe for five days in Spring 1991.Personal observations on wave-like migrations.

---. 1992. Cranes in spring 1991. The China Flyway. - Bulletin of the Beidaihe Bird Society 2. (In Chinese, with English abstracts)

---. 1993. Siberian Crane reintroduction attempt unsuccessful. - Oriental Bird Club Bulletin. No 17: 12.

The attempt to introduce 2 Grus leucogeranus into Bharatpur flock in 1993 did not succeed. If this flock fails completely, the western migration route will be lost.

---. 1994. Siberian Cranes at Keoladeo National Park. Hornbill, No. 3: 24-25.

---. 1995-1996. Future focuses in Siberian White Crane conservation: report from a workshop in Moscow. - Flying Free/ Zum Fliegen Geboren (Brehm-Fonds). Vol. 13 (1/2): 11-13.

---. 1996. Rare Siberian Cranes fly from the USA to Iran. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 22 (1): 8.

---. 1996. The Sibes: Experimentations for revival of Indian populations. Sanctuary Asia, Vol. XVI (2): 56-57.

---. 1996. SOS for Siberian Cranes. Hornbill, No 3: 27.

---. 1996. Key Challenges for Poyang Lake. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 22 (2): 3.

---. 1996. Asia-Pacific migratory waterbird conservation strategy: 1996-2000. Kuala Lumpur: Wetlands International – Asia Pacific, and International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau, Japan Committee. P. 1-41.

---. 1999. Going, going…. Gone. Sanctuary Asia. Vol. XIX (1): 42-51.

---. 2002. Cranes survive war in Asia. - Birder's World. P. 12.

Antipov, A. M., and Yu. Yu. Blokhin. 1999. On Siberian Crane sightings in Tyumen Region. - Problems of Protection of Resources of Little Known and Rare Animals. Materials for Red Data Book. Moscow: Central Research Laboratory of Hunting. P. 192-194. (In Russian)

Antonyuk, E. V., and T. A. Kashentseva. 2004. Incubation success of crane eggs after transportation. - Proceedings of the Oka Biosphere State Nature Reserve. Vol. 23. Ryazan. P. 150. (In Russian)

Archibald, George W. 1976. Crane taxonomy as revealed by the unison call. - Proceedings of the International Crane Workshop. Ed. James C. Lewis. [Stillwater, Okla.]: Oklahoma State University. P. 225-251.

All 15 crane species have a unison call - the loud duet given by mated pairs and characterized by various posturings of the neck and wings.The display's structure is genetically determined, thus permitting use of the call as a tool to reveal crane systematics.All species and subspecies were examined except the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis), the Sudan crowned crane (Balearica pavonina ceciliae), and the Cuban Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis nesiotes). Relationships determined by the unison call usually followed previously defined relationships using morphology with the following exceptions. The unison call suggests the Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus) is a Bugeranus rather than a Grus. The unison call indicates Grus species can be sectioned into three species groups: group Canadensis containing the sandhill crane, group Antigone containing the sarus (G. antigone), brolga (G. rubicunda), and the white naped crane (G. vipio), and finally group Americana containing the Hooded (G. monacha), Eurasin (G. grus), Whooping (G. americana), and the Red-crowned Crane (G. japonensis). Unison calls of the Eastern Crowned (Balearica regulorum), Common and Sandhill subspecies do not indicated subspecific differerences. The unison calls of the mainland (Korea) and Japanese populations of the Red-crowned Crane are distinct and it is suggested the populations respectively be classfied as G. j. panmunjomii and G. j. japonensis.

---. 1980. USSR update. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 6 (1): 2.

---. 1980. The captive Siberians. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 6 (4): 1.

---. 1981. Last call for the Siberian Crane. - Natural History. Vol. 90 (3): 58-61.

Within memory, Grus leucogeranus numbered in thousands. Now reduced to 250 to 300 individuals. A flock numbering 9 birds winters in Caspian lowlands. Grus leucogeranus migrating to Abi-I-Estada has declined from 77 to 15 birds in winter of 80-81. The second population breeds in Siberia and numbers about 200. ICF maintains flock of 12 individuals while Soviets maintain 13 in captivity 200 miles southeast of Moscow . "When smoke from bombs clear.....this great white bird will once again rise to command the skies."

---. 1981. From China and Iran – Good News. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 7 (2): 1, 3.

---. 1981. A Siberian Crane chick! - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 7 (3):1, 3.

---. 1982. Sasha’s Siberians. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 8 (4): 1, 4.

---. 1982. Siberian Cranes for North America. - Proceedings of the 1981 Crane Workshop. Ed. J. C. Lewis. Tavernier, Florida: National Audubon Society. P. 129-134.

The population of Siberian Cranes (Grus leucogeranus) has declined to perhaps 150 birds. The demographic problem of the species in its native continent, Asia, is attributed to hunting during migration and encroachment by humans into wintering habitats. Although conservation efforts are under way in China, India, Iran, and the USSR, the bleak reality of human needs may cause the demise of these wild cranes in the near future. The eastern population of Siberian Cranes winters in China and nests sympatrically with Lesser Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis canadensis) in the USSR.If numbers of Siberian Cranes continue to decline, these lesser sandhills could easily by used as foster-parents for Siberian crane eggs. Such a foster-parent program could establish a secure Siberian Crane population that would winter in the United States and Mexico, but breed in traditional nesting habitats in the USSR.Problems considered in this proposal include (1) habitat accommodations for Siberian cranes, (2) the potential interactions between Siberian cranes and the externally similar Whooping Cranes (Grus americana), (3) the effect of sandhill crane hunting on Siberian cranes and international politics, and (4) the opinions against species introduction. However, the proposal offers another option for the survival of Siberian Cranes, as well as opportunities for expanded cooperation between Asian and North American nations.

---. 1983. Siberian Crane eggs fly East. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 9 (3): 1, 3.

---. 1984. Cranes of Zha Lung. - Earthwatch (Spring): 45.

---. 1985. The Cranes at Poyang Lake. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 11 (2): 1-3.

---. 1990. Siberian success. – Environmental Awareness. Vol. 13 (4): 115-117.

---. 1991. Yakutians begin banding program. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 17 (1): 2.

---. 1991. ICF egss fly to Siberia. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 17 (3): 4.

---. 1992. Meeting develops plans for Siberia. - The ICF Bugle. Vol. 18 (1): 4-5.

---. 1992. Ron Sauey and the Siberian Cranes. - Journal of Ecological Society. Vol. 5: 41-48.

A memoiry of Ron Sauey and his work with ICF. Includes description of his studies on the Siberian Crane.

---. 1992. ICBP/SSC Crane Specialist Group: Cranes in Asia. – Species. Vol. 19: 67.

Status of western flock of Siberian Cranes.

---. 1993. Cranes of Asia: from Russia to the Orient and India, conservation begins with cranes. – Wildbird. Vol. 7 (11): 44-45.

---. 1993. The Lily of birds: the elegant Siberian Crane. - Surviving Together. 11(4): 14-15.

Alexander Sorokin discovered the breeding ground of the western flock of Grus leucogeranus in 1981. Attempts to discover the exact migration corridor have so far been unsuccessful.

---. 1993. The Siberian Crane: a status report. - CMS Bulletin No. 4: 5.

The status of the Siberian Crane. The western and central flocks are on the brink of extinction, with many obstacles to conservation. Several techniques have been employed in efforts to save the species, including captive breeding, isolation rearing, satellite tracking of migration routes, and studying the ecology and behavior of the bird. Obstacles to conservation include hunting, habitat change, and inadequate development of released birds. The eastern flock, thus far holding its own, is now threatened by the planned construction of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River.The presence of the dam would likely greatly alter the water level in Poyang Lake, the major wintering area of the eastern flock. Urgent action is needed to save the western population

---. 1994. The fading call of the Siberian Crane. - National Geographic. Vol. 185 (5): 125-136.

Now endangered, siberian cranes have inspired international cooperation to help protect them from hunters' guns and habitat loss.Scientists are tracking the cranes' migration routes, targeting rest stops for protection, and breeding birds in captivity for release in the wild.

---. 1995. Meeting coordinates help for Siberian Cranes. – The ICF Bugle. Vol. 21 (3): 1.

---. 1996. Conservation of Siberian Cranes in West Asia. - 3rd European Crane Workshop: European Crane Working Group at "Projekt Kranichschutz Deutschland". Stralsund: WWF/NABU. P. 19.

There are three populations of Siberian Cranes; the Western Population (9-11 birds that winter in Iran), the Central Population (4 birds wintering in India), and the Eastern Population (approximately 3000 birds wintering in China). The major threat to the Western and Central populations is believed to be hunting along the migration routes, while the major threat to the Eastern Population is loss of wetland habitat on the wintering grounds.Under the auspices of the Bonn Convention for Migratory Animal Species, a Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of the Siberian Cranes has been signed by the majority of the nine range states to which the species is native in western Asia. Through this MoU, delegates from the range states and crane specialists met in Moszcow in May, 1995, and they developed objectives for conservation for each of the range states. The second meeting of the range states and crane specialists will convene in India in November of 1996 to evaluate progress, to refine objectives, and to coordinate activities directed toward the recovery of the Western and Central populations of Siberian Cranes.

Archibald, George, et al. 2000. Year 2000 report on Crane Specialist Group. – CMS Bulletin. No 12: 8-9.

---. 1999. Distribution and conservation of cranes in I.R. Iran. - Proceedings of the 3rd European Crane Workshop 1996 and Actual Papers. Eds. Hartwig Prange, Gunter Nowald, and Wolfgang Mewes. Halle-Wittenberg: Kranichschutz Deutschland. P. 211-219.

Archibald, George W., and Fei Dianjin. 1987. Recommendation for the study and conservation of Cranes in China. Baraboo, WI: ICF.

Six species of cranes breed in China, and six species winter there. Reports of cranes: 1300 Red-Crowned Cranes, 9 breeding and 9 wintering areas. Black-necked Crane: 706; White-naped Crane: 1,000.

Archibald, George, and Yutaka Kanai. 1996. The mystery of the missing Siberians. – The ICF Bugle. Vol. 22 (4): 2-3.

Archibald, George W., and Steven Landfried. 1993. Conservation measures for the Siberian Crane. - Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation in South and West Asia. Eds. Michael E. Moser and J. van Vessem. Slimbrdige, UK: IWRB. P. 85-87.

Overview of status, distribution and conservation of Siberian crane in the various countries.

Archibald, George, Yuri Markin, and Sadegh Sadeghi-Zadegan. 2002. Siberian Crane wintering in Iran in 2001/02. - CWGE Newsletter. No 4-5: 4-8. (In Russian and English)

Siberian Cranes of the western population, that breeds on the wetlands west of the town of Uvat in western Siberia, spend the winter on the Caspian lowlands of northern Iran. Read more>>

Archibald, George W., and Curt D. Meine. 1996. Family Gruidae (Cranes). - Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 3 - Hoatzin to Auks. Eds. Joseph del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, and Jordi Sargatal. Barcelona: Lynx Edicion. P. 60-89.

Includes general sections on systematics, morphological aspects, habitat, general habits, voice, food and feeding, breeding, movements, relationship with man, status and conservation; and sections on all 15 crane species with descriptive notes and paragraphs on habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation.

Archibald, George, and Claire Mirande. 1985. Population status and management efforts for endangered cranes. - Transaction of the 50th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. P. 576-602.

---. 1999. Status and conservation of the Siberian Crane Grus Leucogeranus. – Vogelwelt. Vol. 120 (5-6): 377-381.

Archibald, George, Y. Shigata, K. Matsumota and K. Momose 1981. Endangered cranes. Crane Research around the World. - Proceedings of the International Crane Symposium at Sapporo, Japan in 1980 and Papers from the World Working Group on Cranes, International Council for Bird Preservation. Eds. J. C. Lewis and H. Masatomi. International Crane Symposium at Sapporo, Japan. P. 1-12.

Archibald, George W., and Debra L. Viess. 1979. Captive propagation at the International Crane Foundation 1973-78. – Proceedings of 1978 International Crane Workshop. Ed. James C. Lewis. [Fort Morgan, Colo.]: Colorado State Univ and National Audubon Soc. P. 51-73.

Since 1973, personnel at the International Crane Foundation (ICF) have attempted to propagate in captivity 14 of the world's 15 species of cranes. Birds were procured from 22 zoos and six governments with the goal of establishing a "species bank" of 15 breeding pairs of each endangered species and subspecies. Eggs, of three species, were imported from the wild. Eggs of two of the three species were involved in intercontinental transfers of 13 fertile eggs; all hatched and 12 young were reared. Pairs were maintained in spacious confines and fed a modified poultry deit. Cranes were artificially inseminated and photoperiod and humidity were manipulated as needed for various individuals and species. Semen volumes averaged about 0.10 ml per ejaculate. The onset of semen production came earlier and duration of production and semen quality improved annually. Seventeen females of nine species laid 153 eggs. Sixty-four eggs (42 percent) from eight species were fertile. Fertility improved annually. Fifty eggs (78 percent) from six species hatched; from these 41 chicks (82 percent) were reared. Egg production of northern latitude species peaked in late April and early May. Production from tropical species peaked in late June and early July. In the 6 years (1973-79) 108 adult cranes were imported to ICF; 46 were reared from imported eggs, and 41 were produced at our facilities. Of the resultant total of 195 birds, 12 were exported to other centers, 61 died (20 of these from a crane Herpes virus), and 120 survive at ICF.

Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee. 2001. Asia-Pacific migratory waterbird conservation strategy: 2001-2005. Kuala Lumpur: Wetlands International – Asia Pacific.

Ashtiani, Mohammad Ali. 1987. Siberian Crane as a wintering bird in Iran. - Proceedings of the 1983 International Crane Workshop, Bharatpur, India. Eds. George W. Archibald and R. F. Pasquier. Baraboo, Wisconsin: International Crane Foundation. P. 135-137.

In 1978 the Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus) was rediscovered in the south Caspian region of Iran where it had not been recorded for approximately 60 years. Since 1978, 7-14 birds have been reported each winter at Fereydoon Kenar. The wetlands used by Siberian Cranes are traditional duck hunting areas in which other birds are fully protected by both tradition and government regulation. The Government of Iran wishes to cooperate with other nations sharing the Siberian Crane to develop a program of crossfostering Siberian Cranes with Eurasian Cranes (Grus grus).

---. 1996. Distrubution and conservation of cranes in I.R.Iran. – Third European Crane Workshop: European Crane Working Group at “Projekt Kranichschutz Deutschland”. Straslund: WWF//NABU. P. 20.

Crane family in Iran is represented by the following three species: Eurasian Crane, Demoiselle Crane, and Siberian Crane.

---. 1996. Distrubution and conservation of cranes in Islamic Republic of Iran. – Pan-Aisan Ornithological Congress & XIII Birdlife Asia Conference. Typeset (ICF Library). P. 1-15.

The paper gives an overview of the distribution of common cranes, demoiselles and Siberian cranes in Iran; the migration routes, wintering grounds and breeding areas are illustrated and their numbers given in a table. Conservation measures are outlined and suggestions made.

Ataev K., V. I. Vasiliev, R. I. Gorelova, et al. 1978. Materials on rare and endangered birds of Turkmenistan fauna. – Herald of the Turkmenistan Academy of Sciences. Series of Biological Sciences. No. 4: 70-80. (In Russian).

Auezov, E. M. 1991. Brief report on the Siberian Crane in Irgizsky District, Aktyubinsk Region. - Rare Birds and Mammals of Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata: “Gylym” Publ. House. P. 137. (In Russian)

Austin, O. L., and N. Kuroda. 1953. The birds of Japan, their status and distribution. – Bul. Mus. Compl. Zool. Vol.109: 277-637.

Azarov, V. I. 1977. Sightings of the Siberian Crane in Northern Kazakhstan and Tyumen Region. - 7th All-Union Ornithological Conference. Abstracts. Pt. 2. Kiev: “Naukova Dumka”. P. 188-189. (In Russian)

---. 1987. On sightings of the Siberian Crane in Northern Kazakhstan and Tyumen Region. - Ecology and Fauna. Tyumen. P. 112-118. (In Russian)

Azarov, V. I., and G. K. Ivanov. 1981. Rare Mammals and Birds of Tyumen Region. Sverdlovsk: Sverdlovsk Book Publishers. (In Russian)